DEC | NSW threatened species - River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains
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River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains

Species profile
Regional information:
  -  Hawkesbury/Nepean
  -  Hunter/Central Rivers
  -  Southern Rivers
  -  Sydney Metro
 
Related information

River-flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains Identification Guidelines (A3 version) (PDF - 4MB)
 
River-flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains Identification Guidelines (high resolution) (PDF - 4MB)
 
River-flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains Identification Guidelines (low resolution) (PDF - 540KB)
 
River-flat eucalypt forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions - Scientific Committee determination
 
Threatened Species and Endangered Ecological Communities of the Eurobodalla
 

 
  

River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains - profile

Scientific name: River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions 
 Conservation status in NSW: Endangered Ecological Community

Description

As the name suggests, this EEC is found on the river flats of the coastal floodplains. It has a tall open tree layer of eucalypts, which may exceed 40 m in height, but can be considerably shorter in regrowth stands or under conditions of lower site quality. While the composition of the tree stratum varies considerably, the most widespread and abundant dominant trees include Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum), E. amplifolia (cabbage gum), Angophora floribunda (rough-barked apple) and A. subvelutina (broad-leaved apple). Eucalyptus baueriana (blue box), E. botryoides (bangalay) and E. elata (river peppermint) may be common south from Sydney, E. ovata (swamp gum) occurs on the far south coast, E. saligna (Sydney blue gum) and E. grandis (flooded gum) may occur north of Sydney, while E. benthamii is restricted to the Hawkesbury floodplain.

A layer of small trees may be present, including Melaleuca decora, M. styphelioides (prickly-leaved teatree), Backhousia myrtifolia (grey myrtle), Melia azaderach (white cedar), Casuarina cunninghamiana (river oak) and C. glauca (swamp oak).

Scattered shrubs include Bursaria spinosa , Solanum prinophyllum, Rubus parvifolius, Breynia oblongifolia, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Hymenanthera dentata, Acacia floribunda and Phyllanthus gunnii .

The groundcover is composed of abundant forbs, scramblers and grasses including Microlaena stipoides, Dichondra repens, Glycine clandestina, Oplismenus aemulus, Desmodium gunnii, Pratia purpurascens, Entolasia marginata, Oxalis perennans and Veronica plebeia . The composition and structure of the understorey is influenced by grazing and fire history, changes to hydrology and soil salinity and other disturbance, and may have a substantial component of exotic shrubs, grasses, vines and forbs.

For a comprehensive list of species that characterize the community open the Scientific Determination link in the top right box.

The combination of features that distinguish River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains from other endangered communities on the coastal floodplains include: its dominance by either a mixed eucalypt canopy or by a single species of eucalypt belonging to either the genus Angophora or the sections Exsertaria or Transversaria of the genus Eucalyptus ; the relatively low abundance or sub-dominance of Casuarina and Melaleuca species; the relatively low abundance of Eucalyptus robusta ; and the prominent groundcover of soft-leaved forbs and grasses.

River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions includes and replaces Sydney Coastal River-Flat Forest Endangered Ecological Community.

Location and habitat

Distribution
 Known from parts of the Local Government Areas of Port Stephens, Maitland, Singleton, Cessnock, Lake Macquarie, Wyong, Gosford, Hawkesbury, Baulkham Hills, Blacktown, Parramatta, Penrith, Blue Mountains, Fairfield, Holroyd, Liverpool, Bankstown, Wollondilly, Camden, Campbelltown, Sutherland, Wollongong, Shellharbour, Kiama, Shoalhaven, Palerang, Eurobodalla and Bega Valley but may occur elsewhere in these bioregions.

Major examples once occurred on the floodplains of the Hunter, Hawkesbury, Moruya, Bega and Towamba Rivers, although many smaller floodplains and river flats also contain examples of the community. The remaining area is likely to represent much less than 30% of its original range. Recently recorded, major occurrences include: about 2,000 ha in the lower Hunter region; less than 10,000 ha on the NSW south coast from Sydney to Moruya, of which up to about three-quarters occurred on the Cumberland Plain in 1998; and less than 1,000 ha in the Eden region.

Small areas of the community are contained within existing conservation reserves, including Blue Mountains, Cattai, Dharug, Georges River, Marramarra, Morton, Deua and Wadbilliga National Parks, and Gulguer and Mulgoa Nature Reserves, but these are unevenly distributed throughout the range and unlikely to represent the full diversity of the community. The reserved examples are on localised, sheltered river flats between hills, rather than the large open floodplains that comprised the majority of the original habitat.

Habitat and ecology
  • Associated with silts, clay-loams and sandy loams, on periodically inundated alluvial flats, drainage lines and river terraces associated with coastal floodplains.
  • Generally occurs below 50 m elevation, but may occur on localised river flats up to 250 m above sea level.
  • The structure of the community may vary from tall open forests to woodlands, although partial clearing may have reduced the canopy to scattered trees.
  • Typically form mosaics with other floodplain forest communities and treeless wetlands, and often fringe treeless floodplain lagoons or wetlands with semi-permanent standing water.
  • Given its habitat, the community has an important role in maintaining river ecosystems and riverbank stability

Regional information
This species is found in the following catchment management authority regions. Click on a region name to see more details about the distribution, vegetation types and habitat preference of the species in that region.

Threats

  • Further clearing for urban and rural development, and the subsequent impacts from fragmentation
  • Flood mitigation and drainage works
  • Landfilling and earthworks associated with urban and industrial development
  • Grazing and trampling by stock and feral animals (particularly pigs)
  • Changes in water quality, particularly increased nutrients and sedimentation
  • Weed invasion
  • Climate change
  • Activation of acid sulfate soils
  • Removal of dead wood
  • Rubbish dumping
  • Frequent burning which reduces the diversity of woody plant species

Recovery strategies

Priority actions are the specific, practical things that must be done to recover a threatened species, population or ecological community. The Department of Environment and Conservation has identified 10 priority actions to help recover the River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales.

What needs to be done to recover this species?

  • Instigate feral animal control programs.
  • Ensure that the fire sensitivity of the community is considered when planning hazard reduction and asset management burning.
  • Protect habitat by minimising further clearing of the community. This requires recognition of the values of all remnants in the land use planning process, particularly development consents, rezonings and regional planning.
  • Promote regeneration by avoiding prolonged or heavy grazing.
  • Undertake restoration including bush regeneration, revegetation and weed control, and promote public involvement in this restoration.

Detailed References

Below is a list of references relating to this ecological community. You can filter the list by the features or publication type you require.

FeaturesPublication Type

Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.

Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.

Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.

Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC).

Published books.

Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library.

Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’).

Articles on the internet (or web-based contact details of the organisation that may provide you with a copy).

 
Reference DetailsFeatures
Anderson, J., and Asquith, J. (2002) Findings of the coastal lowland forests/swamp mahogany project: final report. Report to the NSW State Wetlands Advisory Committee..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S., Vollmer, J. and Gellie, N (1993) Yengo National Park and Parr State Recreation Area : vegetation survey for use in fire management. NPWS, 110pgs + colour maps.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2002) The natural vegetation of the Wyong Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Wyong Shire Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 197 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2004) The natural vegetation of the Gosford Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Gosford City Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 131 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. (1986) The native vegetation of the Gosford – Lake Macquarie 1:100 000 Mapsheets. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 467-490..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1990) Taken for Granted: The Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs. Kangaroo Press, Sydney., 160 pgs + illus bibliog index.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (2000) Sydney’s Bushland — More than Meets the Eye. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..     Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1993) A strategy for the rehabilitation of the riparian vegetation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1994) Natural vegetation of the Sydney 1:100000 Mapsheet. Cunninghamia, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 679-789.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Beukers, P. and Miles, J. (In prep) Revision of vegetation mapping for the NSW Far South Coast. DECC Merimbula. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change (Parks and Wildlife Group), Merimbula. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Brooker, M. and Kleinig, D. (1990) Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-eastern NSW. Vol 1 and 2. Inkata Press, Melbourne..  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
DEC (2004) North East NSW Field Key to Forest Ecosystems. Natural Resource Management Field Assessment Guidelines. DEC, NE Branch Coffs Harbour..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2005) Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practise guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
ESC (2007) Endangered Ecological Communities Survey and Mapping in Eurobodalla Shire. A report prepared by NGH Environmental for Eurobodalla Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Gellie, N. (2005) Native Vegetation of the Southern Forests: South-east Highlands, Australian Alps, South-west Slopes, and SE Corner bioregions. Cunninghamia, Vol 9 (2) pp. 219-253.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation Communities of the Central Coast Region of NSW. In: McCauley, A. etal (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. HCR CMA and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 240 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Tweed, Brunswick and Richmond Catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 169pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Clarence, Coffs coastal and Bellinger catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 141pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Nambucca, Macleay and Hastings catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 128pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Manning and Port Stephens/Wallis Lake catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 105pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Harden, G. (ed) (1999-2002) Flora of NSW. NSW University Press, Vol. 1-4.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Hill, L. (2003) (2003) The Natural Vegetation of Maitland Local Government Area, New South Wales. Report for Maitland City Council, September 2003. Maitland City Council.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Hnatuik, R.J., Thackway, R. and Walker, J. (2003) Vegetation - Guidelines for site-based survey. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 111pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  
House, S (2003) Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, Technical Report, Digital Aerial Photo Interpretation & Updated Extant Vegetation Community Map. Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Callaghan, NSW.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Howell, J., McDougall, L. and Benson, D. (1995) Riverside Plants of the Hawkesbury-Nepean. Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney., 62 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
James, T. McDougall, L. and Benson, D.H. (1999) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney, second edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes - The native vegetation of NSW and the ACT. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 353 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (1996) Fire-driven mechanisms of extinction in vascular plants: a review of empirical and theoretical evidence in Australian vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales., Vol. 116, pp. 37-78..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. & Benson, D.H. (1988) The natural vegetation of the Katoomba 1:100 000 Mapsheet. Cunninghamia , Vol 2 (1), pp. 107-143.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NSW (Eden CRA). Cunninghamia, Vol 6, pp 1-218.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Scott, J. (2005) Native Vegetation of Coastal Floodplains. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 11, pp 81-104.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kevin Mills & Associates (1997) Ecological Study Figtree Estate and Forest Red Gum Communities of the Illawarra Coastal Plain. Prepared for Stockland Trust Group Ltd Sydney, 33pgs a maps and App..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Law, B.S., Chidel, M. and Turner, G. (2000) The use by wildlife of paddock trees in farmland. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 6, pp 130-143.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Leonard, G. (2007) Eucalypts of the Sydney region: a bushwalker's guide. UNSW Press, Sydney, 77 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Lovett, S. and Price, P. (eds) (2007) Principles for riparian lands management. Land and Water Australia, Canberra., 200 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McCauley, A., DeVries, R., Elith, J. and Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 308 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp. 9-57.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
McRae, R.H.D. & Cooper, M.G. (1985) Vegetation of the Merriwa area, New South Wales. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 351-369.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Miles, J. (2007) Recognition and Management of Endangered Ecological Communities in the South East Corner of NSW. Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority, 60 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Mills, K. (2003) The natural vegetation in the municipality of Kiama, NSW. A report prepared by Kevin Mills and Associates for Kiama Municipal Council, 49 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NCC (1999) Towards an Illawarra Regional Vegetation Management Plan. Nature Conservation Council of NSW, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2002) Native vegetation of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 242 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2003) Native vegetation of the Woronora, O'Hares and Metropolitan Catchments. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 247 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (1999) Forest Ecosystem Classification and mapping for upper and lower north east CRA regions. CRA Unit, Northern Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Coffs Harbour., 36 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2000) Forest ecosystem classification and mapping for the Hunter Sub-Region in the Lower North East Comprehensive Regional Assessment. CRA Unit, Sydney Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Robinson, L (2003) Field guide to native plants of Sydney revised 3rd edition. Kangaroo Press, 448 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   
Ryan, K., Fisher, M. & Schaeper, L. (1996) The natural vegetation of the St Albans 1:100 000 Mapsheet (includes 1:100 000 map). Cunninghamia, Vol 4(3) pp 433-482. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1990) Hornsby Shire bushland survey. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (2006) Native vegetation communities of Hornsby Shire. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland., 46 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Speight, J.G. (1990) Landform. In: 'Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook' Second edition (Eds. RC McDonald, RF Isbell, JG Speight, J, Walker, MS Hopkins). Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp 9-57.     Published books. 
Stevenson, M. (2003) Remote sensing and historical investigation of environmental change and Melaleuca encroachment in Tuckean swamp, North-Eastern NSW. Thesis (PhD).     
Thackway, R., Creswell, I.D. (eds) (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves. Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Neldner, J. and Bolton, M. (2003) Chapter 7. Vegetation - Guidelines for Conducting Surveys. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 35 pgs.     
Thomas, V., Gellie, N., & Harrison, T. (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern Comprehensive Regional Assessment. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., & Keith, D.A. (2004) DRAFT Native vegetation map report series No. 4. Araluen, Batemans Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla, Wollongong (Priority 5 Mapping Area - P5MA). NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tozer, M.G. (2003) The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, Western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia, Vol 8 (1), pp. 1-75. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. & Pennay, C. (2006) Native vegetation of south east NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. V1.0. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natrual Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Troedson, A., Hashimoto, T.R., Jaworksa, J., Malloch, K., Cain, L. (2004) New South Wales Coastal Quaternary Geology. In: NSW Coastal Quaternary Geology Data Package (on CD-Rom), Troesdson, A., Hashimoto, T.R. (eds). NSW Dept. of Primary Industries, Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of NSW, Maitland., 108 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).    Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Northern Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Hunter Central Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
Williams, D.G. and Roberts, J. (2005) Riparian vegetation diversity in the Sydney Catchment Authority’s area of operation. CRC for Freshwater Ecology, 58 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Winning, G. and King, A. (1995) Upper North-east Rivers Region Survey of Freshwater Wetlands. Shortlands Wetland Centre and NSW Dept. of Land and Water Conservation, 45 pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
  

River-flat Eucalypt Forest
 River-flat Eucalypt Forest
Image: J. Howell
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