DEC | NSW threatened species - Swamp oak floodplain forest
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Swamp oak floodplain forest

Species profile
Regional information:
  -  Hawkesbury/Nepean
  -  Hunter/Central Rivers
  -  Northern Rivers
  -  Southern Rivers
  -  Sydney Metro
 
Related information

I.D. Guidelines for Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest (A3) (PDF - 4MB)
 
I.D. Guidelines for Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest (high resolution) (PDF - 531KB)
 
I.D. Guidelines for Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest (low resolution) (PDF - 4MB)
 
NSW Flora Online - Swamp Oak
 
Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions - Scientific Committee determination
 
Threatened Species and Endangered Ecological Communities of the Eurobodalla
 

 
  

Swamp oak floodplain forest - profile

Scientific name: Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions 
 Conservation status in NSW: Endangered Ecological Community

Description

This community is found on the coastal floodplains of NSW. It has a dense to sparse tree layer in which Casuarina glauca (swamp oak) is the dominant species northwards from Bermagui.

Other trees including Acmena smithii (lilly pilly), Glochidion spp. (cheese trees) and Melaleuca spp. (paperbarks) may be present as subordinate species, and are found most frequently in stands of the community northwards from Gosford. Tree diversity decreases with latitude, and Melaleuca ericifolia is the only abundant tree in this community south of Bermagui.

The understorey is characterised by frequent occurrences of vines, Parsonsia straminea, Geitonoplesium cymosum and Stephania japonica var. discolor, a sparse cover of shrubs, and a continuous groundcover of forbs, sedges, grasses and leaf litter.

The composition of the ground stratum varies depending on levels of salinity in the groundwater. Under less saline conditions prominent ground layer plants include forbs such Centella asiatica, Commelina cyanea, Persicaria decipiens and Viola banksii; graminoids such as Carex appressa, Gahnia clarkei, Lomandra longifolia, Oplismenus imbecillis; and the fern Hypolepis muelleri.

On the fringes of coastal estuaries, where soils are more saline, the ground layer may include the threatened grass species, Alexfloydia repens, as well as Baumea juncea, Juncus kraussii, Phragmites australis, Selliera radicans and other saltmarsh species.

For a comprehensive list of species that characterize the community open the Scientific Determination link in the top right box.

Location and habitat

Distribution
 Known from parts of the Local Government Areas of Tweed, Byron, Lismore, Ballina, Richmond Valley, Clarence Valley, Coffs Harbour, Bellingen, Nambucca, Kempsey, Hastings, Greater Taree, Great Lakes, Port Stephens, Maitland, Newcastle, Cessnock, Lake Macquarie, Wyong, Gosford, Pittwater, Warringah, Hawkesbury, Baulkham Hills, Hornsby, Lane Cove, Blacktown, Auburn, Parramatta, Canada Bay, Rockdale, Kogarah, Sutherland, Penrith, Fairfield, Liverpool, Bankstown, Wollondilly, Camden, Campbelltown, Wollongong, Shellharbour, Kiama, Shoalhaven, Eurobodalla and Bega Valley but may occur elsewhere in these bioregions. Major examples once occurred on the floodplains of the Clarence, Macleay, Hastings, Manning, Hunter, Hawkesbury, Shoalhaven and Moruya Rivers.

The extent of the Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest prior to European settlement has not been mapped across its entire range. However, the remaining area of Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest is likely to represent much less than 30% of its original range. Major occurrences include: less than 350 ha on the Tweed lowlands; less than 650 ha on the lower Clarence floodplain; less than 400 ha on the lower Macleay floodplain; less than 3,200 ha in the lower Hunter - central Hunter region; less than 5,200 ha in the Sydney - South Coast region; and less than 1,000 ha in the Eden region.

Small areas of Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest are contained within existing conservation reserves, including Stotts Island, Ukerebagh, Tuckean, Pambalong, Wamberal, Towra Point and Cullendulla Creek Nature Reserves and Bongil Bongil, Myall Lakes and Conjola National Parks. These occurrences are unevenly distributed throughout the range and unlikely to represent the full diversity of the community.

Habitat and ecology
  • Associated with grey-black clay-loams and sandy loams, where the groundwater is saline or sub-saline, on waterlogged or periodically inundated flats, drainage lines, lake margins and estuarine fringes associated with coastal floodplains
  • Generally occurs below 20 m (rarely above 10 m) elevation
  • The structure of the community may vary from open forests to low woodlands, scrubs or reedlands with scattered trees.

Regional information
This species is found in the following catchment management authority regions. Click on a region name to see more details about the distribution, vegetation types and habitat preference of the species in that region.

Threats

  • Clearing for urban and rural development, and the subsequent impacts from fragmentation
  • Flood mitigation and drainage works
  • Grazing and trampling by stock and feral animals (eg. pigs)
  • Activation of acid sulfate soils
  • Landfilling and earthworks associated with urban and industrial development
  • Pollution from urban and agricultural runoff
  • Rubbish dumping
  • Climate change
  • Localised areas, particularly those within urbanised regions, may also be exposed to frequent burning which reduces the diversity of woody plant species.

Recovery strategies

Priority actions are the specific, practical things that must be done to recover a threatened species, population or ecological community. The Department of Environment and Conservation has identified 11 priority actions to help recover the Swamp oak floodplain forest in New South Wales.

What needs to be done to recover this species?

  • Promote public involvement in restoration activities.
  • Instigate pig control programs
  • Ensure that the fire sensitivity of the community is considered when planning hazard reduction and asset management burning.
  • Protect habitat by minimising further clearing of the community. This requires recognition of the values of all remnants in the land use planning process, particularly development consents, rezonings and regional planning.
  • Promote regeneration by avoiding prolonged or heavy grazing.
  • Weed control.
  • Undertake restoration including bush regeneration and revegetation.

Detailed References

Below is a list of references relating to this ecological community. You can filter the list by the features or publication type you require.

FeaturesPublication Type

Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.

Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.

Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.

Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC).

Published books.

Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library.

Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’).

Articles on the internet (or web-based contact details of the organisation that may provide you with a copy).

 
Reference DetailsFeatures
Adam, P. and Stricker, J. (1993) Wetlands of the Sydney Region. Nature Conservation Council, 42 pgs + App..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2002) The natural vegetation of the Wyong Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Wyong Shire Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 197 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bell, S.A.J. (2004) The natural vegetation of the Gosford Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales: Technical Report. Unpublished Final Report to Gosford City Council, Eastcoast Flora Survey, 131 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Bellingen Shire Council (2006) Coastal Vegetation of the Bellingen Local Government Area. A report by Flametree Ecological Consultants for Bellingen Shire Council. Bellingen Shire Council, 88 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. (1986) The native vegetation of the Gosford – Lake Macquarie 1:100 000 Mapsheets. Cunninghamia, Vol. 1, pp. 467-490..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1990) Taken for Granted: The Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs. Kangaroo Press, Sydney., 160 pgs + illus bibliog index.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (2000) Sydney’s Bushland — More than Meets the Eye. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..     Published books. 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1993) A strategy for the rehabilitation of the riparian vegetation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Benson, D.H. and Howell, J. (1994) Natural vegetation of the Sydney 1:100000 Mapsheet. Cunninghamia, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 679-789.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Beukers, P. and Miles, J. (In prep) Revision of vegetation mapping for the NSW Far South Coast. DECC Merimbula. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change (Parks and Wildlife Group), Merimbula. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Chafer, C. (1997) Biodiversity in the Illawarra Catchments: an inventory. Illawarra Catchment Management Committee, 124 pgs + app.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2004) North East NSW Field Key to Forest Ecosystems. Natural Resource Management Field Assessment Guidelines. DEC, NE Branch Coffs Harbour..   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
DEC (2005) Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practise guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
DECC (2007) DRAFT - Salterwater Wetlands Rehabilitation Manual. Coastal and Floodplain Management. Dept. of Environment and Climate Change, Parramatta..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Douglas, S.D. & Bell, S.A.J. (2003) Vegetation survey and mapping of Clyde River National Park, NSW South Coast. Unpublished Final Report to NSW NPWS South Coast Region. ESP Ecological Surveys & Planning P/L &. Eastcoast Flora Survey., 46pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
ESC (2007) Endangered Ecological Communities Survey and Mapping in Eurobodalla Shire. A report prepared by NGH Environmental for Eurobodalla Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Fisher, M., Body, M. and Gill, J. (1996) Vegetation Idenification and Classification of the Coffs Harbour City Council LGA. North East Vegetation Surveys, 75 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Gellie, N. (2005) Native Vegetation of the Southern Forests: South-east Highlands, Australian Alps, South-west Slopes, and SE Corner bioregions. Cunninghamia, Vol 9 (2) pp. 219-253.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation Communities of the Central Coast Region of NSW. In: McCauley, A. etal (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. HCR CMA and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 240 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Tweed, Brunswick and Richmond Catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 169pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Clarence, Coffs coastal and Bellinger catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 141pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Nambucca, Macleay and Hastings catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 128pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Graham, M. (2001) Water habitats of the Manning and Port Stephens/Wallis Lake catchments. NSW National Patks and Wildlife Service., 105pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Harden, G. (ed) (1999-2002) Flora of NSW. NSW University Press, Vol. 1-4.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Hnatuik, R.J., Thackway, R. and Walker, J. (2003) Vegetation - Guidelines for site-based survey. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 111pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  
House, S (2003) Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, Technical Report, Digital Aerial Photo Interpretation & Updated Extant Vegetation Community Map. Lower Hunter & Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, Callaghan, NSW.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Howell, J., McDougall, L. and Benson, D. (1995) Riverside Plants of the Hawkesbury-Nepean. Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney., 62 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
James, T. McDougall, L. and Benson, D.H. (1999) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney, second edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   Published books. 
Johnston, S.G., Slavich, P.G. and Hirst, P. (2003) Alteration of groundwater and sediment geochemistry in a sulfidic backswamp due to Melaleuca quinquenervia encroachment. Australian Journal of Soil Research , Vol. 41, pp. 1343-1367.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes - The native vegetation of NSW and the ACT. Dept. of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 353 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Published books. 
Keith, D.A. (1996) Fire-driven mechanisms of extinction in vascular plants: a review of empirical and theoretical evidence in Australian vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales., Vol. 116, pp. 37-78..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NSW (Eden CRA). Cunninghamia, Vol 6, pp 1-218.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A. and Scott, J. (2005) Native Vegetation of Coastal Floodplains. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 11, pp 81-104.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Keith, D.A., Simpson, C., Tozer, M.G. and Rodoreda, S. (2007) Contemporary and Histroical Descriptions of the Vegetation of Brundee and Saltwater Swamps on the Lower Shoalhaven River Floodplain, Southeastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW, Vol. 128, pp 123-153.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Kendall and Kendall Ecological Consultants (2003) Nambucca Catchment Vegetation Survey. Report prepared for Nambucca Vegetation Sub-committee, 155 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Laegdsgaard, P., Monamy, V. and Saintilan, N. (2004) Investigating the presence of threatened insectivorous bats on coastal NSW saltmarsh habitat. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 22 (1), pp. 29-41.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Law, B.S., Chidel, M. and Turner, G. (2000) The use by wildlife of paddock trees in farmland. Pacific Conservation Biology, Vol 6, pp 130-143.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Lovett, S. and Price, P. (eds) (2007) Principles for riparian lands management. Land and Water Australia, Canberra., 200 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McCauley, A., DeVries, R., Elith, J. and Gilmore, P. (2006) Vegetation of Regional Significance on the NSW Central Coast. Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and Hunter Councils Inc. NSW., 308 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp. 9-57.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work. Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Published books. 
McKinnon, L. (2004) Sydney Coastal Estuarine Swamp Forest Complex. Validation and Field Assessment of this EEC on Community Lands in Wollongong LGA. Unpublished Honours Thesis. University of Wollongong..    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
Miles, J. (2007) Recognition and Management of Endangered Ecological Communities in the South East Corner of NSW. Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority, 60 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.    Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Mills, K. (2003) The natural vegetation in the municipality of Kiama, NSW. A report prepared by Kevin Mills and Associates for Kiama Municipal Council, 49 pgs.   Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area.  Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NCC (1999) Towards an Illawarra Regional Vegetation Management Plan. Nature Conservation Council of NSW, Sydney..Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2002) Native vegetation of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, 242 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (1999) Forest Ecosystem Classification and mapping for upper and lower north east CRA regions. CRA Unit, Northern Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Coffs Harbour., 36 pgs + appendices. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
NPWS (2000) Forest ecosystem classification and mapping for the Hunter Sub-Region in the Lower North East Comprehensive Regional Assessment. CRA Unit, Sydney Zone, National Parks and Wildlife Service.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Robinson, L (2003) Field guide to native plants of Sydney revised 3rd edition. Kangaroo Press, 448 pgs.  Field guides and plant identification information to help with survey work.   
Ryan, K., Fisher, M. & Schaeper, L. (1996) The natural vegetation of the St Albans 1:100 000 Mapsheet (includes 1:100 000 map). Cunninghamia, Vol 4(3) pp 433-482. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1990) Hornsby Shire bushland survey. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Smith, P. and Smith, J. (2006) Native vegetation communities of Hornsby Shire. Report and maps prepared for Hornsby Shire Council. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland., 46 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Speight, J.G. (1990) Landform. In: 'Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook' Second edition (Eds. RC McDonald, RF Isbell, JG Speight, J, Walker, MS Hopkins). Inkata Press, Melbourne., pp 9-57.     Published books. 
Stevenson, M. (2003) Remote sensing and historical investigation of environmental change and Melaleuca encroachment in Tuckean swamp, North-Eastern NSW. Thesis (PhD).     
Telfor, D. and Kendall, P. (2006) Native Vegetation Mapping and Endangered Ecological Community Mapping, Kempsey LGA east. Report to Kempsey Shire Council, 40 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Creswell, I.D. (eds) (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia: a framework for establishing the national system of reserves. Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra..     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Thackway, R., Neldner, J. and Bolton, M. (2003) Chapter 7. Vegetation - Guidelines for Conducting Surveys. Australian Bureau of Rural Sciences, 35 pgs.     
Thomas, V., Gellie, N., & Harrison, T. (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern Comprehensive Regional Assessment. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., & Keith, D.A. (2004) DRAFT Native vegetation map report series No. 4. Araluen, Batemans Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay, Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla, Wollongong (Priority 5 Mapping Area - P5MA). NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Tozer, M.G. (2003) The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, Western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia, Vol 8 (1), pp. 1-75. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. & Pennay, C. (2006) Native vegetation of south east NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. V1.0. NSW Dept. of Environment and Climate Change and NSW Dept. of Infrastructure, Planning and Natrual Resources.. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).  Contains locally specific vegetation classifications to help identify the vegetation assemblage in your area. Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Troedson, A., Hashimoto, T.R., Jaworksa, J., Malloch, K., Cain, L. (2004) New South Wales Coastal Quaternary Geology. In: NSW Coastal Quaternary Geology Data Package (on CD-Rom), Troesdson, A., Hashimoto, T.R. (eds). NSW Dept. of Primary Industries, Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of NSW, Maitland., 108 pgs. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).    Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Underwood, A.J. and Chapman, M.G. (1995) Coastal Marine Ecology of Temperate Australia. UNSW Press, Sydney, 341 pgs.     Published books. 
West, R.J., Thorogood, C., Walford, T. and Williams, R.J. (1985) An estuarine inventory for NSW. NSW Dept. of Agriculture: Fisheries., 140 pgs.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Northern Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
WetlandCare Australia (2006) Sustainable Wetlands on NSW Coastal Landscapes. Hunter Central Rivers, Catchment Management Authority region. WetlandCare Australia, Ballina, NSW., CD-rom. Has an electronic mapping component that may be used in a Geographic Information System (GIS).   Identifies a locally specific vegetation classification listed as a Threatened Ecological Community (TEC). 
Williams, D.G. and Roberts, J. (2005) Riparian vegetation diversity in the Sydney Catchment Authority’s area of operation. CRC for Freshwater Ecology, 58 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Reports that have not been formally published and may have only received limited peer review (often referred to as ‘grey literature’). 
Williams, R.J. and Watford, F.A. (1996) An inventory of impediments to tidal flow in NSW estuarine fish habitats. Wetlands (Australia), Vol. 15, pp. 44-54.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     Peer-reviewed academic texts. To access these publications you may need to contact a university library. 
Winning, Geoffrey Bruce (2006) Vegetation changes in a large estuarine wetland subsequent to construction of floodgates: Hexham Swamp in the Lower Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Thesis (Masters). Australian Catholic University., 138 pgs.Information on management and restoration of the ecological community.     
  
  
 
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